Could It Happen to You? Martin and Dr. In addition, students in all fields of study are becoming increasingly concerned with the state of the environment. Regardless of profession, citizens are frequently called upon to make health and environmental decisions. Therefore, it would not be appropriate for a college graduate to lack a basic knowledge of anatomy, physiology, genetics, and biotechnology.
Students should also understand how the human population can become more fully integrated into the biosphere. Further, every educated individual should appreciate how scientists think and know how research is properly conducted. Wise choices require adequate knowledge and can help ensure our continued survival as individuals and as a species. In this edition, as in previous editions, the text presents concepts using simple, concise, and clear descriptions.
Detailed, high level scientific data and terminology are excluded, because I believe that all learners should have a working understanding of concepts rather than technical facility. This approach ensures that students will feel confident and capable of achieving an adult level of understanding.
The Eleventh Edition of Human Biology Human Biology continues to grow and evolve to better suit the needs of a changing student population. Compelling new features will engage learners of all disciplines and interests.
Clear, concise explanations have been teamed with attractive illustrations and sound pedagogy. Features from previous editions have been refined and supplemented where appropriate. Factual information has been updated to reflect current findings. As always, this new edition seeks to keep its sound basic content, making changes to improve relevancy and student appeal. Together, they are recognized for their significant contributions on the title page of the book.
Many other professors also lent their talents, and their names are listed in the acknowledgment section. Engaging New Chapter Case Studies The new case study feature that opens each chapter will immediately encourage student interest in the content of the chapter. Accompanying each introduction are photographs that effectively compliment the story.
In addition, the case studies will have additional appeal to specific disciplines. The topic of special education is addressed through the story of Jeremy Callen, a young man with fragile X syndrome Chap. Further, case studies dealing with sports themes and those addressing modern wellness issues e. Questions combine case concepts with chapter content.
Students are challenged to thoughtfully integrate these ideas. The answers to the questions are given in Appendix B. Updated and Reorganized Chapters and New Applications Changes to this eleventh edition of Human Biology has been undertaken with several goals in mind.
Constantly improving student involvement in the text is a primary aim. Equally important, this revision seeks to provide accurate, timely information. As you enjoy the book, you will notice: Preface ix Cutting Edge Data New Boxed Readings The factual content for each chapter has been edited to reflect the most current findings available, so that professors can rely on the text to provide up-to-date information. Information about different forms of contraception presents all options—both existing and new—available to couples Chap.
Treatments for Alzheimer disease describe the actions of modern drugs Chap. Data from the American Cancer Society reports the latest statistics on the types and incidence of the disease in both men and women Chap. These examples and many others show ongoing dedication to reporting state-of-the-art technologies and information. All boxed readings have been revised and updated.
Many are new to this edition. All topics were chosen for relevancy and interest to students. Recent findings regarding the AIDS epidemic were necessary to provide students with information critical to their health and safety. In addition, descriptions of new and emerging diseases will enable classroom discussion of present-day health concerns. The return of tuberculosis is explained, along with the symptoms and epidemiology of the disease.
Antibiotic resistance will inevitably affect most, if not all, present and future populations. Its evolution, as well as strategies to overcome resistant organisms, is also addressed in this supplement.
Have You Ever Wondered. A new feature has been added. Reading and studying new information, especially in the health sciences, often leads students to wonder about their bodies and how they work. How do lungs stay open and keep from collapsing? How do you use an automatic external defibrillator, like the ones you see in the airport?
Can you drink through your nose? Why does that annoying song you hear seem to replay in your head all day? Each will capture attention— informing, entertaining, and educating at the same time. New Science Focus readings include a discussion of the genetics of breast cancer Chap.
New Health Focus articles describe how to determine trans-fat content in food Chap. Check Your Progress questions are answered in Appendix B. Chapter Summaries An extensive review is organized according to the major sections of the chapter.
Brief statements, lists, and tables help students re-examine the important topics and concepts. Artwork is included to provide a visual reminder of the important ideas presented.
Key terms give students a working vocabulary for the chapter. Finally, a complete set of objective questions is a self-test that will allow the student to determine where further study might be needed. Students are first prompted with factual questions, then asked to consider future implications for the individuals described in the case study.
For example, Chapter 5 presents the case of Louise Hairston, an African American woman who suffers a heart attack. Critical Thinking questions then ask the reader to furnish the not-so-typical symptoms often seen when a woman suffers a heart attack. Additional questions focus on ways to avoid a second heart attack. Answers to this style of question are presented in Appendix B. Subjective inquiries with no right or wrong answer prompt learners to form opinions about a health or wellness issue.
Chapter 21 first describes recombinant growth hormone, then asks the reader to reflect on situations when the hormone should be used. Homeostasis and Working Together Illustrations Because of their popular appeal, we have retained the homeostasis sections that include an illustration demonstrating how systems work together.
These five sections make use of real-life situations to show how homeostasis is maintained in the body. As an example, see Section 6. Combination Art lobule capsule cortex Drawings of structures are paired with micrographs to provide students with two perspectives: the explanatory clarity of line drawings and the realism of photos.
Sperm makes its way through the corona radiata. Sperm nucleus enters cytoplasm of egg. Cortical granules release enzymes; zona pellucida becomes fertilization membrane. Sensor 5 plasma membrane nucleus 50 0 60 7 0 80 middle piece 3.
Sperm binds to and fuses with egg plasma membrane. Acrosomal enzymes digest a portion of zona pellucida. Sperm and egg pronuclei are enclosed in a nuclear envelope.
These systems are especially noteworthy. The kidneys regulate the amount of ions e. These ions are necessary for nerve impulse conduction. The nervous system controls urination. Urinary System As an aid to all the systems, the kidneys excrete nitrogenous wastes and maintain the water-salt balance and the acid-base balance of the blood. The urinary system also specifically helps the other systems.
Respiratory System The kidneys help the lungs by exhaling carbon dioxide as bicarbonate ions, while the lungs help the kidneys maintain the acid-base balance of the blood by exhaling carbon dioxide. Cardiovascular System Production of renin by the kidneys helps maintain blood pressure.
Blood vessels transport nitrogenous wastes to the kidneys and carbon dioxide to the lungs. The buffering system of the blood helps the kidneys maintain the acid-base balance. Endocrine System Digestive System Working together illustrations use brief concise statements to tell students how various other systems help a featured system achieve homeostasis. In this edition the working together illustrations have been integrated into homeostasis sections making a united whole.
The homeostasis sections show how the systems achieve homeostasis despite real-life experiences that could alter the internal environment. For example, see page The kidneys produce renin, leading to the production of aldosterone, a hormone that helps the kidneys maintain the water-salt balance. The kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin, and they change vitamin D to a hormone.
The posterior pituitary secretes ADH, which regulates water retention by the kidneys. The liver produces urea excreted by the kidneys. The yellow pigment found in urine, called urochrome breakdown product of hemoglobin , is produced by the liver.
The digestive system absorbs nutrients, ions, and water. These help the kidneys maintain the proper level of ions and water in the blood. Integumentary System Muscular System The kidneys regulate the amount of ions in the blood.
These ions are necessary to the contraction of muscles, including those that propel fluids in the ureters and urethra. Exploring Life and Science Chapter Concepts The chapter outline contains a concise preview of the topics covered in each section. The study group agreed to meet at the nearby burger place to eat and study together.
Shane and Katie were the first to arrive. They found a table big enough for the group that would be coming. Katie pulled napkins from the dispenser and wiped off the table before setting her books down. Then she squeezed a bit of antibacterial gel into her hands and Case Studies rubbed them together vigorously.
Shane had already thrown down his books and was in line placing his order for a burger and fries. Katie made her way to the counter and ordered a grilled chicken sandwich and a side salad. She wrinkled her nose and said to New case studies bring human biology to life.
Critical Thinking questions in the chapter end matter connect the case study with the chapter concepts. Your arteries will be completly Shane shrugged.
As he was adding ketchup to his fries, a couple of the fries fell off the table. He quickly snatched them up from the floor, and popped them into his mouth. Shane, that is so disgusting! Who knows when they last mopped the floor? The process of evolution accounts for the diversity of living things and why living things share the same seven characteristics of life.
A highly developed brain, upright stance, creative language, and use of a variety of tools distinguishes us from other mammals.
Our cultural heritage makes it difficult for us to see that preserving the biosphere is essential. Biologists use the scientific process when they study the natural world.
A hypothesis is formulated and tested to arrive at a conclusion. Traditional methods give scientists added confidence in the conclusions of studies. Everyone has a responsibility to ensure that science and technology are used for the good of all. Be sure to Refrain from multiple sex partners or having relations corresponding gene follow the directions supplied bya the manufacturer for on the Y chromosome. Thus, females Barr Bodies, with someone who has multiple sex partners.
If youFemale Mosaics, have two copies of X genes, whereas males have only one. At one time, condom users were Breast Cancer have sex with two other people and each of these has The body for this extra dose of genetic advised to use nonoxynol-9 in conjunction withcompensates a sex with two people, and so forth, the number of Most people are familiar with calico cats, whose fur contains material by inactivating condom, but testing shows that this spermicide has no one of the X chromosomes in each people who are relating is quite large.
These cats areincluding genetic HIV. Inactivation occurs early in develeffect on viruses, Be aware that having relations with an intravenous mosaics. A mosaic formed by combination of different pieces opment atpenis approximately the cell stage. The inactivated Avoid fellatio kissing and insertion of the into a user is risky because the behavior of this group is risks to form a whole window is one example. Barr bodiesthey are highly condensed chromatin that appear insertion of the tongue into the vagina because already has another sexually transmitted is a mosaic refers types cells have at least two—and sometimes asThe dark spots the nucleus.
Which X chromosome is may more—different be a means of transmission. In the caseoften of the calico furthat facilitate inactivated in a given cell? This appears to be random. But have cutscat, andthe sores catching an Avoid anal-rectal intercourse in of which the penis is are dueincreases to expression of different every cell that develops from the original group of cells STD. Some of the inserted into the rectum becausecolors this behavior hair cells of rectum these cats paternal copyvaginal, of the gene.
Be the risk of an HIV infection. Their are often lower than those of thin, and infected CD4 T cells canIfeasily enter the body orange hair develops. Ingenital other tract cells, the maternal X chromosome and other cellstaller havecounterparts inactivated with the paternal receptive to thepituitary transmission of sexually hormone GH experience dwarfism: slow their equivalent education and experithere.
Also, the rectum is suppliedpatch with of many blood gene is activated. A calico kitten with a black mother will X chromosome: she is a mosaic. Many people of short stature report having greater selfvessels, and insertion of the penis into the rectum is grow patches scattered among the Were with of the X chromosome inaverage to above average Be cautious using alcohol or anyProblems drug in that mayinactivation begin puberty.
Priorabout toorange. Forbe the solution to these youchildren from being to control your behavior. The vaginal lining is aware thick and cult females Theis nucleus human cellsThe contains 46 chromosomes women who problems.
GH needed to treat deficiencies example, had to be obtained to penetrate, but the lining of the uterus only oneof cell The Syphilis Research Scandal Drug Usepituitaries. Transmits HIV arranged into a set of 23from pairs. One chromosome from each breastwas cancer gene BRCA1 have a greatly increased risk isofseemingly unlimited, the the cadaver While the treatment generally Although the supply of hGH thick at certain times of the month, and does allow CD4 pair is maternal, while the other is paternal.
Stop, if necessary, or do not start the habit of injecting cost mosomes in the first 22Jacob pairs aresembles its mate. Further, frominthe is called GH. Many the insurance hepatitis B can be spread byence, blood-to-blood contact.
Thisresearch same in and X chroThanks to biotechnology, to synthethese protein costs. Ofisgreater concern, however, are the potential side Always use a new sterile needle for injection or one that thehad importance offor informed consent when using are the last pair.
Females two X chromosomes, andhave mosome inactivation, although its exacthuman role hGH isresearch uncertain. These bacteria the gene hGH effects of supplemental therapy, which are not well underhas been cleaned in bleach subjects.
The Y chromosome Presumably, increased cancer occursitbecause abnormal inserted into genetic The Fig. Unfortunately, as with all prosign moral and ethical research. Documented cases of mosome. Almost all of the on the chromosome nor function a tumorare suppressor. Josef Mengele, the handsome Nazi may even be possible to slow or reverse the aging process with 1.
Figure 1A Poorly educated African Americans were recruited tion camp prisoners in multiple horrible ways. Some were slowly There is some controversy surrounding treating short chil2. Do you think insurance companies should expected to paywith promises of free medical care. Unfortunately, Americans are obsessed with height.
Shorter is simply short? The men were told that children are often bullied and teased by their peers. There are 3. Do you think our society will be somehow diminished, if pitualso stained by misconduct. This research was carried out by mia, that were widespread at the time.
Investigators wished to study in the study, the men were offered medical exams, transportathe progression tion to and from clinics, treatments for other ailments, food, and Figure 16C Sexual activities transmit STDs. African-American males were money for their burial expenses if necessary. There was interest in determintreatments for syphilis.
Compounds containing mercury and ing if race had an impact on the progression of syphilis. How fast is a reflex? There are three distinct stages of an untreated syphilis Originally, the study sought to determine if these toxic cominfection.
During the first stage, sores or ulcers appear on the pounds helped, or if untreated individuals fared the same as of the infected individual. The bacteria associated those treated. The study was intended to last 6 months, but perA reflex is a built-in pathway that allows the bodygenitals to react with the sores can infect individuals who come into contact sisted for decades. Research continued on these men, even after sores. Stage two syphilis typically develops several penicillin became the accepted treatment for syphilis in One example, the knee jerk,with or the patellar weeks later.
If the disease shows up in ticipants, even though it would have cured them of the disease. The reaction designed vousissystem occur. Untreated pregnant women men had been partially treated during the study. In July , to protect the thigh muscle from excessive stretch. The kneecan pass syphilis to a fetus.
Congenital syphilis in an infant the Associated Press AP publicized the story of the syphilis physical deformity and mental retardation. The study was finally discontinued. A class-action jerk reflex is an example of a simple stretch reflex.
President Clinton males infected with syphilis and uninfected males. The offered a national apology to survivors and their families in the knee , to the spinal cord, to the leg muscle. The circuit menwhole were poor, mostly illiterate, sharecropper farmers. None of What chemical factors are responsible for the many physiological changes in a pregnant woman?
Check Your Progress Boxes 2. Describe the three stages of labor. Questions follow main sections of the text and help students assess their understanding of the material presented. Answers to these questions appear in Appendix B. Summarizing the Concepts Understanding Key Terms The acrosome of a sperm releases enzymes that digest a pathway for the sperm through the zona pellucida.
The sperm nucleus enters the egg and fuses with the egg nucleus. The umbilical arteries and umbilical vein or reduced in part using good health habits. Fetal contraceptive implant Pap test allantois human chorionic gonadotropin development extends from the third through the injection hCG penis amnion contraceptive ninth months. If an SRY gene is present, testes and chorion morula semen 2. Name the four embryonic membranes and give a endometrium human male genitals develop. Briefl y summarize the weekly events of embryonic These tests detect the level of hCG the human chorionic abdominal cavity.
Some tests claim that they are pageof, hormones. Testing Your Knowledge of the Concepts Objective and art-based questions allow students to review material and prepare for tests. List the hormones involved in the development ofinterstitial the male cell begin.
Contains detailed instructions, images and an image for labeling the parts of the eye, such as the retina, tapetum, and optic nerve. Safe and Effective Care Environment. Answer Key to the Laboratory Manual Back To view the PDF documents, click on the links below or right click on a link and select an option from the pop-up window.
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